tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-87605959588911257392024-03-14T01:30:50.268-07:00Gula RafinasiUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger4125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8760595958891125739.post-79323931764922190172010-10-01T00:40:00.000-07:002010-10-01T01:05:58.780-07:00<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_KW3AYj_llcM/TKWTI0Qtc6I/AAAAAAAAAGw/VWNVVjVcm6g/s1600/afinasi.jpg">
<br /></a>
<br /><meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="Edit-Time-Data" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_editdata.mso"><!--[if !mso]> <style> v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} </style> <![endif]--><link rel="themeData" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><link rel="colorSchemeMapping" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:donotpromoteqf/> <w:lidthemeother>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:lidthemeasian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:lidthemecomplexscript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> <w:splitpgbreakandparamark/> <w:dontvertaligncellwithsp/> <w:dontbreakconstrainedforcedtables/> <w:dontvertalignintxbx/> <w:word11kerningpairs/> <w:cachedcolbalance/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> <m:mathpr> <m:mathfont val="Cambria Math"> <m:brkbin val="before"> <m:brkbinsub val="--"> <m:smallfrac val="off"> <m:dispdef/> <m:lmargin val="0"> <m:rmargin val="0"> <m:defjc val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent val="1440"> <m:intlim val="subSup"> <m:narylim val="undOvr"> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" defunhidewhenused="true" defsemihidden="true" defqformat="false" defpriority="99" latentstylecount="267"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="0" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Normal"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="heading 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 7"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 8"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 9"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 7"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 8"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 9"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="35" qformat="true" name="caption"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="10" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Title"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="1" name="Default Paragraph Font"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="11" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Subtitle"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="22" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Strong"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="20" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Emphasis"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="59" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Table Grid"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Placeholder Text"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="1" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="No Spacing"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Revision"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="34" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="List Paragraph"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="29" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Quote"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="30" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Intense Quote"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="19" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Subtle Emphasis"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="21" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Intense Emphasis"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="31" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Subtle Reference"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="32" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Intense Reference"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="33" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Book Title"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="37" name="Bibliography"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" qformat="true" name="TOC Heading"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Wingdings; panose-1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; mso-font-charset:2; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:0 268435456 0 0 -2147483648 0;} @font-face {font-family:"Cambria Math"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1107304683 0 0 159 0;} @font-face {font-family:Tahoma; panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:swiss; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:1627400839 -2147483648 8 0 66047 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} .MsoChpDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; mso-default-props:yes; font-size:10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;} @page WordSection1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:72.0pt 63.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt; mso-header-margin:36.0pt; mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.WordSection1 {page:WordSection1;} /* List Definitions */ @list l0 {mso-list-id:359014188; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:1324929778 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;} @list l0:level1 {mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt;} @list l1 {mso-list-id:1093357079; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:1359091146 67698709 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;} @list l1:level1 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-upper; mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt;} @list l2 {mso-list-id:1515805024; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:-543662386 1107713456 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693;} @list l2:level1 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:; mso-level-tab-stop:90.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:90.0pt; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-family:Wingdings; color:windowtext;} @list l3 {mso-list-id:1685400322; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:522070358 67698703 862256446 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;} @list l3:level1 {mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt;} @list l3:level2 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-tab-stop:72.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt;} ol {margin-bottom:0cm;} ul {margin-bottom:0cm;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} </style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults ext="edit" spidmax="1036"> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout ext="edit"> <o:idmap ext="edit" data="1"> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">AFINASI </span></span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><span style="">oleh: Daniyanto
<br /></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><span style="">
<br /></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><span style="">
<br /></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><span style="">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style=";font-family:";" >Pendahuluan<o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Industri Rafinasi<o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Pertimbangan ekonomis mendorong </span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">peningkatan</span><span style=";font-family:";" > industri rafinasi (refinery) gula mentah dalam kapasitas besar. Pabrik rafinasi gula biasanya berada didekat pusat pertumbuhan penduduk dan dekat jalur air. Kapasitas pabrik rafinasi bervariasi </span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">antara</span><span style=";font-family:";" > 500-4000 ton gula mentah perhari.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Pabrik rafinasi modern sudah menggunakan kontrol komputer yang canggih. Proses rafinasi gula dilakukan dalam beberapa tahap berdasarkan sistem </span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">pemurnian</span><span style=";font-family:";" > yang digunakan, karbonasi atau phospatasi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="2" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Gula mentah<o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Derajat Pol rata-rata gula mentah yang dispulai untuk pabrik rafinasi saat ini sudah mencapai sedikit diatas 98 </span><sup><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">o</span></sup><span style=";font-family:";" >pol, kecuali untuk gula mentah jenis VHP</span><span style=";font-family:";" > </span><span style=";font-family:";" >(very high pol) dan VLC (very low color).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Sebagian besar gula mentah dihandle dalam bentuk bulk (curah). Beberapa jenis timbangan digunakan untuk menimbang berat gula mentah yang dikirim ke pabrik gula rafinasi. Di sebagian besar pabrik gula rafinasi, gula mentah ditimbang ulang sebelum masuk ke proses.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><u><span style=";font-family:";" >Catatan: Very High Pol<o:p></o:p></span></u></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Karena batasan tarif import dibeberapa negara pengimpor gula, dimana </span><sup><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">o</span></sup><span style=";font-family:";" >pol gula mentah tidak </span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">></span><span style=";font-family:";" > 98 atau 98,8 maka beberapa negara yang mempunyai plantation white sugar kadang-kadang melakukan penambahan tetes kedalam gula mentah yang akan diekspor. Cara ini dipelopori oleh pabrik gula di Jawa.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >VHP dibuat dari remelt gula C dan umumnya adalah gula B untuk menghasilkan gula dengan pol 99,3, sedang sisa gula B digunakan untuk umpan masakan A. Penggunaan gula B dalam sistem masakan VHP akan lebih produkti</span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">f</span><span style=";font-family:";" >.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Contoh: untuk membuat VHP dilakukan dengan menambahkan tetes (pol 32) kedalam gula (pol 99,4). Penambahan atau coating tetes ini akan menghasilkan harga gula yang naik dengan turunnya pol gula<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p></o:p></span></span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><span style="">
<br /></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><span style="">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style=";font-family:";" >Affinasi<o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Tujuan Affinasi<o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="">¨<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style=";font-family:";" >Menghilangkan lapisan tetes dipermukaan kristal gula mentah<o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="">¨<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style=";font-family:";" >Meminimalkan pelarutan kristal gula<o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="2" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Proses affinasi<o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Saat ini,gula mentah yang diolah memilki purity sekitar 99 atau lebih tinggi, (Pol 98-99,5 atau lebih tinggi), lebih tinggi dibanding 20 tahun yang lalu, sekitar 97-98 pol. Purity tetes sekitar 65 atau lebih rendah.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Ini berarti komponen non sukrosa yang ditangani dalam sistem recovery remelt lebih sedikit. Sebagai hasilnya, kecepatan peleburan meningkat tanpa disertai peningkatan remelt di tahap akhir di sebagian besar rafinasi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Ketika refinery merupakan satu kesatuan dengan pabrik gula mentah maka refinery dapat di</span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">o</span><span style=";font-family:";" >perasikan tanpa adanya stasiun affinasi karena gula mentah dapat dibilasi semaksimal mungkin di puteran gula mentah. Juga jika gula mentah yang diolah merupakan gula mentah jenis VLC.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >
<br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: center;" align="center">
<br /></p><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_KW3AYj_llcM/TKWTI0Qtc6I/AAAAAAAAAGw/VWNVVjVcm6g/s1600/afinasi.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 274px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_KW3AYj_llcM/TKWTI0Qtc6I/AAAAAAAAAGw/VWNVVjVcm6g/s320/afinasi.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5522982297716749218" border="0" /></a><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Skema stasiun affinasi</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: center;" align="center">
<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Ada empat tahapan proses dalam affinasi:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><span style="">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style=";font-family:";" >Mingling<o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Tujuan :<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Gula mentah yang datang ke stasiun affinasi di pabrik rafinasi ditimbang dulu, kemudian diturunkan melalui hopper sebelum digunakan sebagai umpan mingler. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Lapisan tetes dipisahkan dari kristal gula mentah dengan menggunakan sirup affinasi (affination syrup). Sirup affinasi dihasilkan dari pembilasan gula mentah dengan air panas saat diputer di puteran stasiun affinasi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Penghilangan lapisan tetes dapat dipermudah dengan mengurangi viskositas lapisan tetes, dengan cara menaikkan suhu. Sirup affinasi biasanya dipanaskan untuk mencapai tujuan ini dan juga dapat dilakukan dengan memanasi magma di mixer dengan menggunakan coil pemanas. Pemanasan sirup affinasi dengan menggunakan plate heat exchanger menggunakan air superheated sebagai pengganti steam. Penggunaan air superheated ini dapat mengurangi resiko burning di heat exchanger dan mengurangi kehilangan sukrosa.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Sirup panas tidak boleh disirkulasikan dalam suatu tangki yang besar karena akan mengundang pertumbuhan mikoba dan kehilangan sukrosa.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Sirup affinasi juga harus bebas dari kristal akibat kejadian kelebihan pengumpanan ke<span style=""> </span>puteran dan bahan asing yang akan menyumbat heat exchanger. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Affiantion syrup mempunyai brix 74-75 bx, tetapi kadang mencapai 72 bx karena pembilasan menggunakan air dan susu kapur untuk mengendalikan pH, nilai brix sirup affinasi biasanya lebih rendah sedikit. pH sirup affinasi sekitar 7,2. Purity sirup affinasi juga bervariasi tergantung purity tetes yang menempel di permukaan kristal gula mentah dan jumlah air yang digunakan selama pembilasan di puteran affinasi. </span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">S</span><span style=";font-family:";" >irup affinasi ini digunakan untuk mingling (mencampur) dengan gula mentah di dalam alat mingling (namanya mingler). <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Kelebihan jumlah sirup affinasi setelah dipakai untuk mingling, akan disaring menggunakan filter press dan dimurnikan untuk produksi soft sugar, atau kelebihan sirup affinasi ini dikirim ke proses recovery remelt.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Suhu magma dipertahankan pada suhu 40 C dan Magma yang keluar harus mempunyai brix 92 setelah pencampuran dan</span><span style=";font-family:";" > </span><span style=";font-family:";" >Magma yang keluar mingler sangat menentukan performance puteran.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Jumlah pekerjaan (atau kapasitas pekerjaan) yang harus dilakukan oleh pabrik rafinasi untuk menghasilkan gula rafinasi ditentukan oleh seberapa bagus pabrik gula mentah menghasilkan gula mentah.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Jika pabrik gula mentah menghasilkan kristal gula yang ukurannya sesuai (distribusi ukurannya cukup seragam), bebas konglomerat, dan tidak mempunyai pengotor yang terdapat dalam kristal maka proses affinasi akan menghasilkan gula affinasi dengan purity </span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">yang </span><span style=";font-family:";" >lebih</span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"> baik</span><span style=";font-family:";" >.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Sistem control pencampuran gula mentah dengan sirup afinasi berbeda-beda tiap refinery. Ada yang menggunakan cara dengan menimbang gula mentah yang masuk dan mengukur laju sirup afinasi yang masuk mingler, ada juga yang memakai cara dengan menambahkan sirup affinasi berdasarkan beban motor yang digunakan untuk menggerakkan mingler. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><u><span style=";font-family:";" >Alat mingling (=mingler)<o:p></o:p></span></u></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Mingler merupakan kanal/saluran berbentuk U, yang didalamnya ada pengaduk jenis paddle atau ribbon.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Paddle dipasang dengan miring untuk mendorong dan mencapur gula mentah dan sirup affinasi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><span style="">
<br /></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><span style="">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style=";font-family:";" >Mixing<o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Magma dari mingler selanjutnya akan mengalir ke mixer, ukuran mixer bervariasi tergantung kapasitas refinery. Suatu pipa dalam bentuk coil dipasang dalam mixer. Sebagai media pemanas digunakan air panas. Suatu penghalang (baffle) diletakkan diatas coil untuk membentuk ruang-ruang pemanasan. Air panas yang digunakan disirkulasikan dalam coil. Selanjutnya air panas setelah disirkulasikan dalam coil akan dikembalikan ke tangki penampung air panas.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><span style="">
<br /></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><span style="">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style=";font-family:";" >Centrifugasi<o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Tujuan dari pemutaran di stasiun affinasi adalah untuk memisahkan kristal gula dari tetes yang melapisi permukaan gula.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Gula hasil pemutaran di puteran affinasi disebut gula affinasi<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Tetes yang dihasilkan dari puteran affinasi disebut sirup affinasi<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Kinerja puteran sangat dipengaruhi oleh banyak faktor, seperti ukran kristal, viskositas lapisan tetes, dan kedalaman basket atau dinding gula. Kristal dengan ukuran besar dan seragam akan memisahkan tetes lebih cepat dan efisien dari pada kristal yang campuran dan tidak seragam.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Jumlah air yang digunakan dalam pembilasan di puteran affinasi harus dibatasi, agar gula yang terlarut sedikit dan purity sirup affinasi menjadi rendah.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Sekitar 10% padatan akan terikut ke sirup affinasi<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Jika ukuran kristal bervariasi atau sangat kecil, maka tugas pemisahan lapisan tetes akan menjadi sulit.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Sebagian besar stasiun affinasi saat ini dikontrol dengan menggunakan komputer, menggantikan timer mekanis dan relay,sehingga menjadi lebih handal dan efisien.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Puteran kontinyu juga telah digunakan untuk beberap</span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">a</span><span style=";font-family:";" > tahun belakangan ini dalam proses recovery remelt, memberikan tambahan penghematan yang terkait dengan kapasitas, benda asing dalam magma, kontrol warna dan purity affinasi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><span style="">
<br /></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><span style="">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style=";font-family:";" >Peleburan (melting)<o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Tujuan dari peleburan:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Untuk melebur semua gula affinasi menggunakan larutan sweet water hasil dari filter press mud dan steam jenuh tekanan rendah menjadi larutan gula</span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Larutan gula hasil peleburan disebut raw liquor atau melt liquor.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Biasanya raw liquor ini tidak hanya merupakan peleburan gula affinasi tetap juga dicampur dengan peleburan gula hasil recovery sukrosa dari sisa sirup affinasi untuk mingler.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Sebelum melt liquor dikirim ke stasiun klarifikasi, melt liquor di saring dulu untuk memisahkan bahan-bahan terikut yang tidak larut, seperti benang, kerikil kecil atau ampas tebu.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Selanjutnya melt liquor dipompa ke stasiun klarifikasi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><u><span style=";font-family:";" >Alat peleburan (=Melter)<o:p></o:p></span></u></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Setelah gula affinasi turun dari puteran maka selanjutnya dengan menggunakan conveyor yang mirip screw conveyor, gula affinasi dibawa ke alat peleburan (yang biasa disebut melter)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Screw conveyor ini dapat juga difungsikan sebagai alat persiapan pelebura (biasa disebut premelter). Di sini gula affinasi dibasahi dengan menggunakan sweet water.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Setelah keluar dari premelter, gula affinasi masuk ke dalam melter.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Untuk refinery yang besar biasanya digunakan dua melter. Exhaust steam biasanya digunakan untuk pemanasan dan biasanya dilewatkan melalui open coil. Exhaust steam juga berfungsi untuk pengadukkan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Sweet water dari proses klarifikasi yang menggunakan arang sebaikknya tidak digunakn untuk peleburan dikarenakan kandungan warna dan pengotor lainnya. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Screen yang digunakan untuk menyaring </span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">raw</span><span style=";font-family:";" > liquor </span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">yang keluar dari melter</span><span style=";font-family:";" >.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" ></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Referensi:</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Handbook of sugar refining, C.C.Chou</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Cane Sugar Handbook, Chen and Chou
<br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8760595958891125739.post-40990197403264761932010-09-22T00:56:00.000-07:002010-09-22T01:58:47.838-07:00Penanganan Gula Mentah<span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Penanganan Gula Mentah</span></span>
<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">oleh: Daniyanto</span>
<br />
<br /><meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="Edit-Time-Data" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_editdata.mso"><!--[if !mso]> <style> v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} </style> <![endif]--><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="City"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="place"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="country-region"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="State"></o:smarttagtype><link rel="themeData" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><link rel="colorSchemeMapping" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:donotpromoteqf/> <w:lidthemeother>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:lidthemeasian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:lidthemecomplexscript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> <w:splitpgbreakandparamark/> <w:dontvertaligncellwithsp/> <w:dontbreakconstrainedforcedtables/> <w:dontvertalignintxbx/> <w:word11kerningpairs/> <w:cachedcolbalance/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> <m:mathpr> <m:mathfont val="Cambria Math"> <m:brkbin val="before"> <m:brkbinsub val="--"> <m:smallfrac val="off"> <m:dispdef/> <m:lmargin val="0"> <m:rmargin val="0"> <m:defjc val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent val="1440"> <m:intlim val="subSup"> <m:narylim val="undOvr"> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" defunhidewhenused="true" defsemihidden="true" defqformat="false" defpriority="99" latentstylecount="267"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="0" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Normal"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="heading 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 7"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 8"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 9"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 7"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 8"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 9"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="35" qformat="true" name="caption"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="10" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Title"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="1" name="Default Paragraph Font"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="11" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Subtitle"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="22" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Strong"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="20" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Emphasis"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="0" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Table Grid"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Placeholder Text"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="1" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="No Spacing"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Revision"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="34" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="List Paragraph"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="29" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Quote"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="30" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Intense Quote"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="19" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Subtle Emphasis"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="21" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Intense Emphasis"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="31" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Subtle Reference"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="32" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Intense Reference"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="33" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Book Title"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="37" name="Bibliography"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" qformat="true" name="TOC Heading"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id="ieooui"></object> <style> st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } </style> <![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"Cambria Math"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1107304683 0 0 159 0;} @font-face {font-family:Tahoma; panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:swiss; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:1627400839 -2147483648 8 0 66047 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} .MsoChpDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; mso-default-props:yes; font-size:10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;} @page WordSection1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt; mso-header-margin:36.0pt; mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.WordSection1 {page:WordSection1;} /* List Definitions */ @list l0 {mso-list-id:171259440; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:-488853490 67698709 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;} @list l0:level1 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-upper; mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt;} @list l1 {mso-list-id:1019043082; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:1289633524 67698713 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;} @list l1:level1 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt;} @list l2 {mso-list-id:1144657638; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:-1039118070 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;} @list l2:level1 {mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt;} @list l3 {mso-list-id:1199659572; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:-1599936032 67698703 -123981804 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;} @list l3:level1 {mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt;} @list l3:level2 {mso-level-tab-stop:72.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt;} @list l4 {mso-list-id:1200583736; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:1889701210 67698713 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;} @list l4:level1 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt;} @list l5 {mso-list-id:1226797715; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:-1888316550 67698713 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;} @list l5:level1 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt;} @list l6 {mso-list-id:1560092559; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:1926768110 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;} @list l6:level1 {mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt;} @list l7 {mso-list-id:1598369643; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:-2094074208 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;} @list l7:level1 {mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt;} @list l8 {mso-list-id:1796634924; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:110949352 362193498 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;} @list l8:level1 {mso-level-tab-stop:54.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:54.0pt; text-indent:-18.0pt;} @list l9 {mso-list-id:1891110842; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:1091987504 67698713 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;} @list l9:level1 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt;} @list l10 {mso-list-id:2057971964; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:1496322452 67698713 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;} @list l10:level1 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt;} ol {margin-bottom:0cm;} ul {margin-bottom:0cm;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} table.MsoTableGrid {mso-style-name:"Table Grid"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-unhide:no; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh:.5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="A"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">PEMBELIAN (PURCHASING)<o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Penghitungan Raw Value<o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Dalam penentuan tarif dan kuota, kita ambil studi kasus di Departemen bea-cukai AS, dimana mereka menerapkan peraturan yang mengharuskan semua mutu gula dinyatakan dengan istilah “Raw Value”. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Raw Value merupakan suatu nilai yang ekuivalen dengan uji gula mentah yang mempunyai 96 derajat pol.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Untuk gula dengan pol >=93<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Raw Value = berat sampel x (1.07-0.0175x(100-pol))<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Berat sampel <span style=""> </span>= 100 lb<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Pol<span style=""> </span>= derajat pol gula mentah<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Sebagai contoh:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><span style="">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">100 lb gula dengan pol = 100<o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">maka<span style=""> </span>Raw Value <span style=""> </span>= 100 x (1.07-0.0175X(100-100))<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><span style=""> </span>= 107 lb raw value<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><span style="">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">100 lb gula dengan pol = 96<o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">maka Raw Value<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>= 100<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><span style="">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">100 lb gula dengan pol = 92<o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">maka Raw value <span style=""> </span>= 93<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">untuk gula dengan pol <93,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Raw Value = berat sampel x (0.93-0.0175x(100-pol))<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Untuk gula cair,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Raw value = total sugar content x 1.07<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Jika berat sampel adalah 107 lb gula mentah dengan pol 96, maka akan dihasilkan gula rafinasi 100 lb gula rafinasi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Kondisi ini bukan merupakan persamaan absolut untuk refining/pemurnian gula mentah.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Dibeberapa refinery, rationya dapat lebih kecil dari 107:100, bahkan ada yang 110:100<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><o:p> </o:p><span style=""></span></span></span></p><ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="2" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Penentuan harga berdasar polarisasi<o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Sejak tahun 1984, ada dua aturan tentang pembelian gula mentah, atau biasa disebut Raw Sugar Contract (lihat tabel 1.). Sebagai tambahan ada juga penalti dan premium berdasarkan kandungan moisture, ash, grain size, dextran dan color. (tabel 2.)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Tabel 1. <span style=""> </span>Amstar pol premium vs Savanah penalty/premium<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><span style=""> </span>(data komplit terlampir)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="width: 358.2pt; margin-left: 41.4pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="478"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="width: 63pt; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Pol<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 147.6pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;" valign="top" width="197"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Amstar<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">%Premium<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 147.6pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;" valign="top" width="197"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Savanah<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">%Penalty/Premium<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 63pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">96<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 147.6pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="197"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">0<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 147.6pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="197"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">-2.75<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 63pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">97<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 147.6pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="197"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">0.5<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 147.6pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="197"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">0<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 63pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">98<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 147.6pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="197"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">2.75<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 147.6pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="197"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">2.75<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 63pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">99<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 147.6pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="197"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">0<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 147.6pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="197"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">4.25<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Tabel 2. Peraturan penalty/premium terhadap mutu gula</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;">
<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Amstar Raw Sugar Contract<o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Peraturan pembelian gula mentah berbeda dari satu negara ke negara lain, sebagai contoh Domino Corp. mempunyai kriteria mutu gula mentah <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">yang memasukkan juga premium dan penalty.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="width: 279pt; margin-left: 41.4pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="372"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="width: 72pt; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Polarisasi<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 207pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;" valign="top" width="276"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Penetapan harga<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 72pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">96-97<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 207pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="276"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">+ 0.5% harga dasar<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 72pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">97-98<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 207pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="276"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">+ 2.25%<span style=""> </span>harga dasar<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 72pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">98-99<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 207pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="276"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">+ 1.2% harga dasar<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 72pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">95-96<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 207pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="276"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">- 5.5% harga dasar<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 72pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">95-94<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 207pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="276"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">- 2.75% harga dasar<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="2" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Savanah Raw Sugar Contract<o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="width: 279pt; margin-left: 41.4pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="372"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="width: 72pt; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Polarisasi<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 207pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;" valign="top" width="276"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Penetapan harga<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 72pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">96-98<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 207pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="276"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Harga dasar x (0.0275)x(Pa-1)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 72pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">98-100<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 207pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="276"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Harga dasar x (0.015)x(Pb)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 72pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">96-94<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 207pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="276"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Harga dasar x (0.0275)x(Pc+1)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Pa=pol diatas 96<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Pb=pol diatas 98<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Pc=pol dibawah 96<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="3" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Peraturan pemerintah RI tentang tarif Bea Masuk gula impor<o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" lang="ES-MX" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" lang="ES-MX" >KEPUTUSAN MENTERI KEUANGAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" lang="ES-MX" >NO. : 324/KMK.01/2002 TANGGAL 3 JULI 2002 TENTANG PERUBAHAN TARIF BEA MASUK ATAS IMPOR GULA</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" lang="ES-MX" ><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="margin-left: 36pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="528"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="width: 27pt; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US" >No.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 81.25pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 8.75pt 0.0001pt 9.25pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US" >Pos Tarif<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 216pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 8.75pt 0.0001pt 9.25pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US" >Uraian Barang<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 72pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 8.75pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US" >Bea Masuk<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 27pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" lang="EN-US" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 81.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 8.75pt 0.0001pt 9.25pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" lang="EN-US" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 216pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 8.75pt 0.0001pt 9.25pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" lang="EN-US" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 72pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 8.75pt 0.0001pt 9.25pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" lang="EN-US" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 27pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" lang="EN-US" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 81.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 8.75pt 0.0001pt 9.25pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US" >17.01<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 216pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 8.75pt 0.0001pt 9.25pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;color:black;" lang="ES-MX" >Gula tebu atau bit dan sukrosa murni kimiawi,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 72pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 8.75pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" lang="ES-MX" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 27pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" lang="ES-MX" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 81.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 8.75pt 0.0001pt 9.25pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" lang="ES-MX" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 216pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 8.75pt 0.0001pt 9.25pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US" >dalam bentuk padat<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 72pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 8.75pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" lang="EN-US" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 27pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" lang="EN-US" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 81.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 8.75pt 0.0001pt 9.25pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" lang="EN-US" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 216pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 8.75pt 0.0001pt 9.25pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;color:black;" lang="ES-MX" >- Gula kasar tidak mengandung tambahan bahan<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 72pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 8.75pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" lang="ES-MX" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 27pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" lang="ES-MX" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 81.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 8.75pt 0.0001pt 9.25pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" lang="ES-MX" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 216pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 8.75pt 0.0001pt 9.25pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US" >flavour atau pewarna :<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 72pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 8.75pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" lang="EN-US" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 27pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US" >1.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 81.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 8.75pt 0.0001pt 9.25pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US" >1701.11.000<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 216pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 8.75pt 0.0001pt 9.25pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US" >-- Gula tebu<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 72pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 8.75pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US" >Rp. 550/Kg<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 27pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US" >2.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 81.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 8.75pt 0.0001pt 9.25pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US" >1701.12.000<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 216pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 8.75pt 0.0001pt 9.25pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US" >-- Gula bit<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 72pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 8.75pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US" >Rp. 700/Kg<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 27pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" lang="EN-US" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 81.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 8.75pt 0.0001pt 9.25pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" lang="EN-US" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 216pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 8.75pt 0.0001pt 9.25pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US" >- Lain-lain<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 72pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 8.75pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" lang="EN-US" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 27pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US" >3.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 81.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 8.75pt 0.0001pt 9.25pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US" >1701.91.000<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 216pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 8.75pt 0.0001pt 9.25pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US" >-- Mengandung tambahan bahan flavour atau<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 72pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 8.75pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US" >Rp. 700/Kg<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 27pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" lang="EN-US" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 81.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 8.75pt 0.0001pt 9.25pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" lang="EN-US" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 216pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 8.75pt 0.0001pt 9.25pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US" >pewarna<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 72pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 8.75pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" lang="EN-US" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 27pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" lang="EN-US" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 81.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 8.75pt 0.0001pt 9.25pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" lang="EN-US" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 216pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 8.75pt 0.0001pt 9.25pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US" >-- Lain-lain<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 72pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 8.75pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" lang="EN-US" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 27pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" lang="EN-US" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 81.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 8.75pt 0.0001pt 9.25pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" lang="EN-US" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 216pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 8.75pt 0.0001pt 9.25pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US" >-- Murni putih<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 72pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 8.75pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" lang="EN-US" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 27pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US" >4.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 81.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 8.75pt 0.0001pt 9.25pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US" >1701.99.110<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 216pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 8.75pt 0.0001pt 9.25pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US" >Dibungkus untuk penjual eceran<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 72pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 8.75pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US" >Rp. 700/Kg<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 27pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" lang="EN-US" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 81.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 8.75pt 0.0001pt 9.25pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" lang="EN-US" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 216pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 8.75pt 0.0001pt 9.25pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US" >Lain-lain<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 72pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 8.75pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" lang="EN-US" ><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 27pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US" >5.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 81.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 8.75pt 0.0001pt 9.25pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US" >1701.99.191<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 216pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 8.75pt 0.0001pt 9.25pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US" >Gula untuk industri (double refined sugar)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 72pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 8.75pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US" >Rp. 700/Kg<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 27pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US" >6.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 81.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 8.75pt 0.0001pt 9.25pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US" >1701.99.199<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 216pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 8.75pt 0.0001pt 9.25pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US" >Lain-lain<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 72pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 8.75pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US" >Rp. 700/Kg<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 27pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US" >7.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 81.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 8.75pt 0.0001pt 9.25pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US" >1701.99.900<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 216pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 8.75pt 0.0001pt 9.25pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US" >Lain-lain<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 72pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 8.75pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;color:black;" lang="EN-US" >Rp. 700/Kg<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="2" type="A"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">PENGIRIMAN/ PENERIMAAN GULA MENTAH (DELIVERY/RECEIVING)<o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Pada umumnya gula mentah dikirim ke pabrik gula rafinasi dalam bentuk bulk (curah), menggunakan truk, kereta api atau barge<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Untuk ekspor gula mentah, pada umumnya pengiriman dilakukan dengan menggunakan kapal kontainer.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Di <st1:state st="on"><st1:place st="on">hawaii</st1:place></st1:state>, untuk mengangkut gula mentah dari hawai ke AS menggunakan barge yang mempunyai panjang 195 m dan lebar 25.6 m, dengan kapasitas 36000 ton gula mentah.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="3" type="A"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">PENYIMPANAN DAN PENANGANAN GULA MENTAH (RAW SUGAR STORAGE AND HANDLING)<o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Jarak antara pabrik gula mentah dengan pabrik rafinasi gula biasanya sangat jauh. Dalam beberapa kasus, pabrik gula mentah memerlukan tempat penyimpanan gula dengan kapasitas yang besar selama musim giling, dan kemudian dikirim ke pabrik rafinasi gula dalam beberapa bulan atau dalam beberapa bulan pengiriman dengan kapal.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Selama menerima dan mengolah gula mentah, pabrik gula rafinasi juga akan menyimpan produk dalam beberapa bulan juga, sesuai dengan kondisi yang telah ditetapkan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Sehingga, interval waktu dari produksi di pabrik gula mentah hingga waktu pengolahan di pabrik rafinasi berkisar antara beberapa bulan hingga 1-2 tahun.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Oleh karena itu, untuk mencegah penurunan / kerusakan mutu gula mentah, sangat penting untuk menghindari kondisi yang tidak diinginkan selama penyimpanan dan pengkapalan. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Karena penyimpanan mempengaruhi mutu gula mentah maka pengetahuan tentang dampak kondisi penyimpanan gula mentah sangat diperlukan untuk meminimalkan penurunan mutu / kerusakan selama penyimpanan.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Karakteristik gula mentah<o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ol> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Lapisan tetes (molasses film)<o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Gula mentah yang dikirim ke pabrik rafinasi merupakan campuran dari bermacam-macam ukuran kristal gula yang dikelilingi/dilapisi oleh tetes yang berasal dari kristalisasi/masakan terakhir di pabrik gula mentah.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Lapisan tetes/syrup ini merupakan media pertumbuhan mikroba, yang akan menyebabkan kerusakan sukrosa dan selanjutnya berhubungan langsung dengan kehilangan/penurunan pol selama penyimpanan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Beberapa karakteristik gula mentah yang dipengaruhi oleh adanya tetes juga digunakan untuk menunjukkan perubahan mutu selama penyimpanan seperti warna dan moisture (kadar air).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="2" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Karakteristik yang diinginkan<o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Gula mentah dengan kandungan gula invert yang tinggi akan menjadi lembek, sulit mengalir dan akan sangat sulit ditangani dengan bucket elevator.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Bagasillo dan bahan yang tidak larut lainnya akan mengikat air (moisture) dan menjadi tempat perkembang biakan mikroba. Jika bahan yang tidak larut dalam jumlah yang berlebihan akan menyebabkan kemampuan filtrasi/penyaringan yang rendah.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Bahan yang bersifat koloid dan partikel ukuran kecil yang mudah terdispersi akan mempengaruhi pembentukan kristal di vakum pan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Beberapa pertimbangan yang terkait dengan gula mentah, untuk meminimalkan kehilangan dalam penyimpanan, adalah sbb:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="1"><ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Bebas dari bahan tidak terlarut, misalnya bagasillo dan tanah<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">ukuran kristal seragam dan bebas dari konglomerat<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">terlapisi oleh lapisan tetes asal (belum dicuci)<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">angka keamanan <></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">diproduksi dalam kondisi tersanitasi untuk meminimalkan kontaminasi mikroba</span></span></li></ol></ol>
<br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="3" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Pengaruh proses sentrifugasi (purging) gula mentah<o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Yang dimaksud dengan purging adalah pelepasan tetes dari masakan ,yang turun dari vakum pan, yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan mesin sentrifugal.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Purging efficiency (PE) merupakan indikasi jumlah tetes yang terpisahkan selama proses purging.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>(HK gula-HK masakan)x(100-HK tetes) <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">PE <span style=""> </span>=---------------------------------------------------------- x 100<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><span style=""> </span></span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><span style=""> </span>(HK gula – HK tetes)x(100-HK masakan)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">ini merupakan angka pengawasan yang penting untuk menentukan efisiensi operasi bagian low grade dari pabrik gula mentah.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Penentuan</span></st1:city><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"> <st1:state st="on">PE</st1:state></span></st1:place><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"> adalah merupakan suatu cara untuk mencapai pemisahan maksimal dari impurities (pengotor) bersamaan dengan minimalisasi terikutnya gula dalam tetes selama proses purging.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="4" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Pengaruh sifat massecuite dan perlakuan<o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Koefisien variasi (Coefficient of variation) yang tinggi akan mempengaruhi pembilasan/dissolution selama proses purging. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Dalam centrifugal batch, penyebab utama situasi ini adalah penutupan saluran pengeluaran akibat kristal lembut dalam masakan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Penutupan/blockage juga terjadi ketika lapisan tetes terbentuk di sisi dalam basket.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Purging efficiency sangat dipengaruhi oleh koefisien variasi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Keberadaan dextran, juga akan meningkatkan viskositas masakan dan menyebabkan pemisahan lapisan tetes menjadi sulit.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Suatu studi yang mempelajari pengaruh perubahan viskositas selama pemisahan menunjukkan hubungan yang pentiing dengan waktu pencucian/washing/pembilasan selama siklus pemisahan dari operasi centrifugal batch.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Pertama kali tetes, yang mudah mengalir bebas diantara kristal, akan dipisahkan ditahap awal purging, selanjutnya lapisan kristal akan menjadi berpori dan udara akan mengalir bebas diantara kristal gula melalui pori-pori yang ada. Viskositas lapisan tetes yang berada disekitar kristal akan naik dengan cepat ketika udara mengambil air dari tetes. Aksi ini akan menjadi faktor yang dominan dalam penentuan purging efficiency. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Oleh karena itu, pencucian harus ditentukan waktunya untuk memudahkan tetes terakhir mengalir dari lapisan kristal.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Kandungan kristal dalam masakan mempengaruhi purging dengan beberapa cara. Bahan dengan kandungan kristal yang rendah akan mengurangi kecepatan purging karena prosentase tetes yang harus dihilangkan besar. Akan tetapi kondisi ini tidak dapat dikatakan sebagai indikator utama kemampuan pemisahan bahan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Masakan dengan kadar kristal rendah biasanya dikondisikan untuk memperbaiki sifat –sifat pemisahan (misalnya penurunan viskositas dengan pemanasan).
<br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="2" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Dampak kondisi penyimpanan dan penanganan gula mentah<o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Masalah-masalah dalam penanganan gula mentah akan terjadi jika ada gumpalan/lump<span style=""> </span>gula rusak. Gumpalan seperti ini biasanya terlewati ketika disampling, sehingga akan memberikan mutu gula yang palsu.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Gumpalan biasanya dilakukan oleh operasi centrifugal yang rendah, air dalam gula, dan kondisi suhu dan kelembaban gudang yang tidak stabil<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Kandungan air (moisture), angka keamanan(safety factor), dan indikator pengenceran (dilution indicator)<o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Level kandungan air (moisture) dilingkungan sekitar kita langsung berpengaruh terhadap mutu gula mentah dalam gudang. Level moisture di udara disekitar kristal akan mengubah moisture content dalam gula mentah dengan cepat. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Safety factor (SF) dan Dilution indicator (DI), dimana berhubungan dengan mositure content gula mentah, menunjukkan kriteria mutu gudang gula mentah.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Mositure (%)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">SF<span style=""> </span>=----------------------<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>100-polarisasi<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Colonial sugar company, <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">australia</st1:place></st1:country-region>, menyarankan safety factor tidak lebih dari 0.333%.<span style=""> </span>sehingga untuk mencegah kerusakan sukrosa, moisture content tidak boleh lebih dari 33% dari total bahan bukan gula yang terdapat dalam gula mentah.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Dilution Indicator, merupakan cara lain untuk menyatakan hubungan antara moisture dan bahan non polarisasi (bahan bukan gula)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Moisture (%)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">DI<span style=""> </span>=------------------------<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>100- polarisasi moisture<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">DI berhubungan dengan SF, DI = 33 maka SF=0.25<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">DI=50 maka SF = 33 <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="75" preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:formulas> <v:path extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" connecttype="rect"> <o:lock ext="edit" aspectratio="t"> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:279pt;"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\user\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.jpg" title="SF"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]-->
<br /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Sebagai acuan: </span></span><span style="font-size:78%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="EN-US" ><span style="font-size:85%;">ketika SF <></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="EN-US" ><span style="font-size:85%;">
<br /></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="2" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Kesetimbangan kelembaban relatif (Equilibrium relative humidity, ERH)<o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Moisture dalam gula akan segera mencapai kesetimbangan dengan moisture yang terkandung dalam udara sekitar kristal. Moisture <st1:state st="on"><st1:place st="on">kan</st1:place></st1:state> berpindah masuk atau keluar gula munurut kesetimbangan kelembaban relatif (Equilibrium relative humidity, ERH) udara disekitar gula.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">ERH gula mentah, didefiniskan sebagai titik dimana gula berada dalam kesetimbangan dengan kelembaban relatif atmosphere dan tidak mengambil atau mengeluarkan moisture ke udara sekitar pada suhu tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Kelembaban relatif yang cocok untuk penyimpanan gula adalah 65-70%. Jika kelembaban udara lebih besar dari ini maka gula akan menyerap moisture dan angka aman (safety factor, SF) akan berada diluar daerah aman. Ini akan memberi kesempatan serangan mikroba yang akan memberikan kerusakan gula yang cepat.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Jika kelembaban relatif kurang dari ini, maka akan menyebabkan moisture dalam gula menguap dan lapisan sirup/tetes akan mencapai titik <i style="">supersaturation</i>, menyebabkan pembentukan kristal dalam lapisan sirup. Karena kristal gula tumbuh, maka kristal gula ini cenderung untuk berikatan/bertautan satu sama lain bersama-sama, menghasilkan gumpalan/”prongkolan gula” (caking/hardening)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Sehingga sangat penting, untuk menjaga RH didekat kondisi titik kesetimbangan sehingga gula tidak akan menyerap atau mengeluarkan moisture selama penyimpanan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Kondisi penyimpanan dalam gudang sangat menentukan mutu gula mentah, terutama jika penyimpanan dilakukan dalam jangka panjang. Untuk mencegah gula dari kerusakan, gudang harus tertutup rapat untuk mencegah kebocoran udara dan untuk menjamin sekecil moisture datang kontak dengan gula.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="3" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Suhu<o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Pengaruh yang nyata dari suhu terhadap mutu gula adalah pembentukan warna gula mentah yang tersimpan. Gula mentah harus didinginkan secukupnya untuk mencegah terjadinya drop polarisasi dan peningkatan warna. </span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Penurunan pol, drop pH dan peningkatan warna terjadi pada suhu yang tinggi. Dari hasil penelitian, diketahui terjadi peningkatan warna dibagian dalam tumpukan gula dua kali lebih besar dibanding dipermukaan. Suhu didalam tumpukan gula mencapai dua kali suhu rata-rata . efek dari suhu yang tinggi akan menyebabkan terbentuknya warna karena destruksi sukrosa, sehingga disarankan agar suhu penyimpanan serendah mungkin<span style=""> </span>selama penyimpanan. Suhu udara optimum yang disarankan untuk jangka waktu penyimpanan yang berbeda dapat dilihat di tabel berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><span style=""> </span>Lama penyimpanan<span style=""> </span>Suhu optimum gula<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><o:p></o:p></span></span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="themeData" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><link rel="colorSchemeMapping" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:donotpromoteqf/> <w:lidthemeother>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:lidthemeasian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:lidthemecomplexscript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> <w:splitpgbreakandparamark/> <w:dontvertaligncellwithsp/> <w:dontbreakconstrainedforcedtables/> <w:dontvertalignintxbx/> <w:word11kerningpairs/> <w:cachedcolbalance/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> <m:mathpr> <m:mathfont val="Cambria Math"> <m:brkbin val="before"> <m:brkbinsub val="--"> <m:smallfrac val="off"> <m:dispdef/> <m:lmargin val="0"> <m:rmargin val="0"> <m:defjc val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent val="1440"> <m:intlim val="subSup"> <m:narylim val="undOvr"> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" defunhidewhenused="true" defsemihidden="true" defqformat="false" defpriority="99" latentstylecount="267"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="0" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Normal"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="heading 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 7"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 8"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 9"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 7"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 8"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 9"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="35" qformat="true" name="caption"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="10" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Title"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="1" name="Default Paragraph Font"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="11" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Subtitle"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="22" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Strong"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="20" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Emphasis"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="0" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Table Grid"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Placeholder Text"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="1" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="No Spacing"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Revision"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="34" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="List Paragraph"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="29" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Quote"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="30" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Intense Quote"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="19" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Subtle Emphasis"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="21" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Intense Emphasis"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="31" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Subtle Reference"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="32" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Intense Reference"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="33" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Book Title"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="37" name="Bibliography"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" qformat="true" name="TOC Heading"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"Cambria Math"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1107304683 0 0 159 0;} @font-face {font-family:Tahoma; panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:swiss; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:1627400839 -2147483648 8 0 66047 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} .MsoChpDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; mso-default-props:yes; font-size:10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;} @page WordSection1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt; mso-header-margin:36.0pt; mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.WordSection1 {page:WordSection1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} </style> <![endif]--> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><span style=""> <span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></span><span style="font-size:85%;">Mingguan<span style=""> </span><113></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><span style=""> </span>Bulanan<span style=""> </span><100></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=""> </span>Tahunan<span style=""> </span><<span style=""> </span>86 F (30 C)</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">
<br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Suhu yang konstan harus dipertahankan didalam gudang. Gangguan moisture dalam gula mentah terjadi jika suhu lingkungan berubah-ubah secara konstan, hingga suhu yang menyebabkan angka aman terlampui dan kerusakan karena mikroba mulai terjadi.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="4" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Gula mentah curah (bulk raw sugar)<o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Mutu gula mentah tidak hanya rentan terhadap keadaan lingkungan sekitar gula tetapi juga bagaimana cara menumpuk gula dalam gudang ,khususnya untuk gula mentah dalam bentuk curah. </span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Sebagai contohnya; sudut tidur ideal (angle of repose) tumpukan/timbunan gula mentah adalah 40 derajat,sudut luncur (angle of slide) sekitar 35 derajat dan sudut longsor (angle of draining) 55 derajat.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:342.75pt;height:189.75pt'"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\user\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.jpg" title="RS_pile"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" shapes="_x0000_i1026" width="457" height="253" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Gula mentah yang dihandle sebaiknya mudah bergerak (free runing)<span style=""> </span>dan tidak berbentuk bongkahan (prongkolan, caking). Ini berarti ukuran kristal gula seragam dan mempunyai kadar air (moisture) yang rendah. Biasanya gula dengan ukuran butir yang seragam sekitar 0,8 mm, <span style=""> </span>butir halus dengan ukuran 0,4mm kurang dari 10% dan kadar moisture dibawah 0.4% akan mudah ditangani meski dalam kondisi lingkungan yang merugikan (mis. Cuaca jelek).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Tumpukan gula mentah akan memberikan tekanan yang berakibat terjadinya densitas yang tinggi dan menimbulkan panas di dalam tumpukan. Sementara itu perubahan suhu dalam tumpukan gula curah akan menyebabkan penurunan mutu (misalnya terbentuknya caking).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Kerapatan tumpukan gula dapat dilihat pada contoh berikut, untuk tumpukan gula dengan berat 2000 ton dan mempunyai tinggi 9 mmenunjukkan bahwa pada kedalaman 6 m gula akan mempunyai bulk density 998 kg/m3. bulk density bervariasi menurut ukuran kristal, volume tangki, bentuk tangki/peti, sudut corong pengeluaran, tinggi antara corong dengan tangki/peti.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Densitas yang dihasilkan dari tangki yang tinggi dan besar bervariasi mulai dari 49,12 – 53,1 lb / ft3 ( 786,9 – 850,5 kg/m3). Untuk design gudang biasanya dipakai densitas 55 lb/ft3<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Untuk meminimalkan perubahan dalam tumpukan gula digudang selama penyimpanan maka bagaimana gula mentah disimpan di gudang harus diperhatikan dengan seksama.
<br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="3" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Bahaya ledakan di penyimpanan/gudang<o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ol> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Ledakan debu gula<o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Pada umumnya, pembakaran partikel debu akan menyebabkan peningkatan volume setempat. Kejadian ini akan mendorong pembentukan gelombang tekanan yang akan melalui tangki yang mengandung awan debu dan selanjutnya akan menyebabkan terjadi kerusakan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Gelombang tekanan akan menyebabkan peningkatan kecepatan nyala api dan konsentrasi debu. Karena gelombang tekanan ini akan menimbulkan suspensi debu di udara dari debu yang sebelumnya sudah mengendap dilantai.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Ledakan debu gula akan terjadi jika 4 kondisi dibawah ini terpenuhi:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><span style="">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">cukup oksigen untuk mendorong terjadinya pembakaran<o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><span style="">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">konsentrasi debu gula harus berada dalam batas ledakan<o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><span style="">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">sumber pembakaran/api harus cukup panas untuk menyalakan debu gula.<o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><span style="">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">sumber panas / api harus mengeluarkan cukup panas untuk menyalakan awan debu.<o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Faktor lain yang mempengaruhi pembakaran adalah: bentuk dan ukuran debu gula, dan tingkat aglomerasi partikel debu gula.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Kadar Oksigen minimum yang diperlukan supaya terjadi ledakan adalah 9% volume. </span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Suhu sumber<span style=""> </span>api/nyala 350-805 C tergantung purity, konsentrasi, ukuran debu dan kecepatan pemanasan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="2" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Konsentrasi debu<o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Konsentrasi debu yang aman dari ledakan sekitar 20 g/m3 untuk partikel yang lebih kecil dari 100 mikro meter. Konsentrasi debu 20g/m3 secara visual nampak seperti hujan deras dengan jarak pandag sekitar 8-10 ft.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Konsentrasi minimum terjdai ledakan semakin menurun sesuai dengan ukuran partikel debu dan perlu dipertimbangkan karena ledakan ini merupakan fenomena cepat maka akan lebih baik jika dipasang pengaman di pabrik.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Kecepatan nyala debu gula dengan konsentrasi 60 g/m3 sekitar 530 ft/s, yang tergantung juga jarak perjalanan, hingga mencapai 810 ft/s.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Kecepatan nyala semakin meningkat jika ukuran partikel menurun dan konsentrasi debu meningkat.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="3" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Sumber debu gula<o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Sumber debu berasal dari pengering gula, bucket elevator, sieve silindris, serpihan kristal gula, dan fraksi pecahan dari gumpalan gula. Peningkatan gumpalan gula disebabkan oleh operasi pan masak yang jelek dan peningkatan suhu gula akan mendorong pembentukan debu.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="4" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Pengaruh kelembaban<o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Kelembaban yang tinggi akan mendorong pembentukan gumpalan debu gula diudara, sehingga akan mengurangi resiko ledakan. Kadar air dalam debu tergantung kelembababn relatif atmosfir. Ledakan debu juga dapat dikurangi jika partikel yang berterbangan menjdai lengket dan menggumpal.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Semakin tinggi kelembaban semakin rendah resiko ledakan<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="5" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Bahaya kebakaran<o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Meskipun kebakaran di gula curah jarang terjadi, tetapi bahaya kebakaran tidak dapat diabaikan.
<br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="4" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Perubahan mutu selama penyimpanan<o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ol> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Polarisasi<o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Polarisasi selama penyimpanan sangat penting. Pada umumnya, ada hubungan erat antara kehilangan pol dengan angka aman gula mentah. Ketika angka aman atau perbandingan antara moisture dengan bahan bukan gula (non pol) meningkat maka lapisan tetes yang berada disekitar gula menjadi media pertumbuhan yang sempurna bagi mikroba. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Pertumbuhan mikroba selama penyimpanan akan memberikan kerusakan sukrosa yang signifikan, dimana ini biasanya harus diperhatikan dari sisi ekonomi.
<br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="2" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Warna<o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Perubahan pokok mutu gula mentah lainya adalah peningkatan warna selama penyimpanan, pembentukan warna tidak hanya dalam lapisan tetes tetapi juga dalam kristal gula, ditentukan oleh suhu penyimpanan dan juga asal warna dalam gula mentah yaitu kadar gula reduksi dan asam amino.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Gula mentah dengan kadar warna yang rendah akan memberikan warna yang lebih rendah setelah pengolahan dibanding jika warna awal gula tinggi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Zat warna yang terbentuk selama pengolahan gula dapat disebabkan oleh:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><span style="">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">reaksi antara gula reduksi dengan protein dan asam amino, atau biasanya disebut browning reaction,<o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><span style="">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">karamelisasi akibat dekompposisi suhu terhadap sukrosa dan senyawa karbohidrat lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><span style="">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">keberadaan senyawa phenolik karena reaksi enzimatis antara flavonoid dan asam sinamik <o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><span style="">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">hasil –hasil kerusakan karena inversi, misalnya hidroximethil, dan furaldehida, yang akan meyebabkan senyawa polimer yang berwarna coklat<o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">zat warna pokok yang tedapat dalam gula mentah adalah melanoidin dan karamel.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Penyebab utama peningkatan warna adalah mallard reaction, yang sangat signifikan pada suhu tinggi</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="3" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">flowability<o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">sifat mudah mengalir sangat penting dalam penanganan dan pengapalan gula mentah.<span style=""> </span>Dalam penyimpanan sekitar satu bulan, Flowability akan rendah tetapi untuk bulan-bulan selanjutnya akan meningkat. </span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Gula mentah yang disimpan setelah pengeringan akan cenderung membentuk caking, tapi ketika terus berlalu, caking menjadi berkurang.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Caking yang terjadi akibat adanya migrasi atau penguapan moisture dari daerah pertemuaan diantara kristal, akan mengurangi flowability.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Pada umumnya, ikatan antara kristal disebabkan oleh pembentukan jembatan kristal. Penurunan ikatan terjadi jika terjadi penurunan kadar sukrosa yang terdapat dalam lapisan tetes disekitar kristal.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">Penyebab terjadinya caking:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><span style="">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">pencampuran gula pada kondisi kesetimbangan kelembaban relatif yang berbeda<o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><span style="">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">pencampuran gula pada suhu yang berbeda<o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><span style="">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">terjadinya perubahan<span style=""> </span>suhu yang bervariasi dalam bagian-bagian tumpukan gula mentah<o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><span style="">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">migrasi moisture karena beda suhu<o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><span style="">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">pengepakan gula pada suhu tinggi<o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><span style="">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">butir kristal gula yang kecil dan tidak sama<o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><span style="">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">kandungan air yang tinggi<o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><span style="">8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">gula lembek karena adanya lapisan tetes.<o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX"><o:p></o:p></span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="ES-MX">
<br />Sumber pustaka:<o:p></o:p></span></span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><span style="">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Cane sugar handbook, Chen-Chou, 1993<o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US"><span style="">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN-US">Hand book of sugar refining, Chou, 2000<o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--></p>
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8760595958891125739.post-9597774814679228712010-09-22T00:32:00.000-07:002010-09-22T00:56:14.620-07:00Sekilas Proses Pembuatan Gula RafinasiSekilas Proses Pembuatan Gula Rafinasi
<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Oleh Daniyanto</span>
<br />
<br /><span style="font-size:100%;">
<br />Secara umum proses pembuatan gula rafinasi dilakukan melalui beberapa tahapan proses sebagai berikut:
<br />1. Penanganan gula mentah (Raw sugar handling)
<br />2. Affinasi (Affination)
<br />3. Pemurnian (Purification)
<br />4. Penghilangan warna (Decolourization)
<br />5. Penguapan (Evaporation)
<br />6. Masakan (Boiling)
<br />7. Puteran (Sentrifugation)
<br />8. Pengeringan (Drying)
<br />9. Pengepakan dan Pengarungan (Packing and Bagging)
<br />
<br />Block diagram proses pembuatan gula rafinasi:</span>
<br />
<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_KW3AYj_llcM/TJm1BqubwSI/AAAAAAAAAGo/B8O4wKv_-AE/s1600/blok+diagram+rafinasi+blog.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 204px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_KW3AYj_llcM/TJm1BqubwSI/AAAAAAAAAGo/B8O4wKv_-AE/s320/blok+diagram+rafinasi+blog.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5519641858572796194" border="0" /></a>
<br />
<br /><meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="Edit-Time-Data" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_editdata.mso"><!--[if !mso]> <style> v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} </style> <![endif]--><link rel="themeData" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><link rel="colorSchemeMapping" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:donotpromoteqf/> <w:lidthemeother>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:lidthemeasian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:lidthemecomplexscript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> <w:splitpgbreakandparamark/> <w:dontvertaligncellwithsp/> <w:dontbreakconstrainedforcedtables/> <w:dontvertalignintxbx/> <w:word11kerningpairs/> <w:cachedcolbalance/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> <m:mathpr> <m:mathfont val="Cambria Math"> <m:brkbin val="before"> <m:brkbinsub val="--"> <m:smallfrac val="off"> <m:dispdef/> <m:lmargin val="0"> <m:rmargin val="0"> <m:defjc val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent val="1440"> <m:intlim val="subSup"> <m:narylim val="undOvr"> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" defunhidewhenused="true" defsemihidden="true" defqformat="false" defpriority="99" latentstylecount="267"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="0" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Normal"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="heading 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 7"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 8"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 9"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 7"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 8"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 9"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="35" qformat="true" name="caption"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="10" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Title"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="1" name="Default Paragraph Font"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="11" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Subtitle"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="22" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Strong"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="20" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Emphasis"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="59" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Table Grid"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Placeholder Text"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="1" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="No Spacing"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Revision"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="34" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="List Paragraph"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="29" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Quote"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="30" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Intense Quote"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="19" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Subtle Emphasis"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="21" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Intense Emphasis"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="31" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Subtle Reference"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="32" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Intense Reference"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="33" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Book Title"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="37" name="Bibliography"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" qformat="true" name="TOC Heading"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"Cambria Math"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1107304683 0 0 159 0;} @font-face {font-family:Calibri; panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:swiss; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750139 0 0 159 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} .MsoChpDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; mso-default-props:yes; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} .MsoPapDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; text-align:center;} @page WordSection1 {size:595.3pt 841.9pt; margin:72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt; mso-header-margin:35.4pt; mso-footer-margin:35.4pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.WordSection1 {page:WordSection1;} --> </style>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8760595958891125739.post-18345916140050670772010-09-21T19:50:00.000-07:002010-09-22T00:18:07.497-07:00Sekilas Mutu Gula di IndonesiaSekilas Mutu Gula di Indonesia<br />oleh: Daniyanto<br /><br /><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_KW3AYj_llcM/SJvTMKXMk7I/AAAAAAAAACg/KL5li9VDDMw/s1600-h/Picture3.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5232007598014501810" style="float: left; margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; width: 234px; height: 173px;" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_KW3AYj_llcM/SJvTMKXMk7I/AAAAAAAAACg/KL5li9VDDMw/s320/Picture3.jpg" border="0" width="227" height="138" /></a>Istilah SHS merupakan simbol untuk menunjukkan kualitas layak tidaknya gula dikonsumsi. SHS merupakan kepanjangan dari Superium HoofdSuiker ( Bahasa Belanda: Gula kepala kelas super). Kurang lebih 80% dari Pabrik Gula di Indonesia (45 dari 58 Pabrik Gula, Data IKAGI) merupakan peninggalan zaman kolonial, sehingga ada istilah-istilah Belanda yang masih digunakan hingga sekarang.<br /><div>sekedar Info, Djawa (Hindia Belanda) pada tahun 1830-an merupakan negara penghasil gula terbesar kedua setelah Cuba.</div><br /><div>Pada zaman kolonial, mutu gula yang dihasilkan oleh Pabrik Gula ditentukan standard mutunya oleh badan yang bernama Nivas (Nevas Werkopsvoerwarden).</div><br /><div>Mutu Gula pada saat itu dikelompokkan menjadi 2(dua);</div><ol><li>Gula Mentah/merah (Ruwsuiker)</li><li>Gula Putih (Witsuiker)</li></ol><div>1. Gula Mentah/Merah</div><div>Gula ini belum layak makan dan harus dimurnikan lagi menjadi gula yang layak dikonsumsi, gula hasil pemurnian ini biasanya disebut gula rafinasi. Gula mentah ini dikelompokkan menjadi dua:</div><br /><div>@ Gula merah yang tidak untuk dikonsumsi,</div><div>Gula ini dikelompokkan menjadi 3(tiga);</div><div># HS 16/20, (HS; Hoofdsuiker), Gula yang memenuhi kualitas standard warna Belanda </div><div> nomor 16 s/d 20. (Hollandse Standard)</div><div># HS 20 keatas, Gula yang memenuhi standard warna belanda diatas 20</div><div># NA = Neuw Assortimenten</div><br /><div>@ Gula merah yang layak dikonsumsi</div><div># HS dengan bentuk butiran kristal halus dengan warna setinggi mungkin</div><div># HS atau gula melase; Melasse suiker dengan warna 8 s/d 10 dan 10 s/d 12</div><br /><div>2. Gula putih, Witsuiker</div><div>Gula jenis ini dikelompokkan menjadi 2 (dua)</div><div># SHS; Superium Hoofdsuiker, yang memenuhi kualitas warna diatas 25 hollandse standard</div><div># Gula Rafinasi atau semi rafinasi, yang merupakan hasil pengolahan gula mentah</div><br />Untuk sekarang kualitas gula mengikuti standard mutu gula yang ditetapkan oleh SNI. Kualitas gula hasil produksi pabrik gula khususnya Indonesia dikelompokkan mengikuti peraturan SNI (www.sisni.bsn.go.id).<br /><br />Kualitas gula dikelompokkan menjadi 3 kelompok mutu;<br /><br />1. Gula Mentah / Raw sugar<br />Gula jenis ini merupakan bahan baku untuk pabrik gula rafinasi. Gula mentah tidak layak dimakan karena masih mengandung banyak pengotor dan harus dimurnikan lagi.<br />Kualitas gula jenis ini mengikuti peraturan SNI 01-3140.1-2001<br /><br />2. Gula Putih<br />Gula jenis ini merupakan hasil langsung dari pabrik gula yang berbahan baku tebu, kualitas gula ini dibagi menjadi 3 (tiga) kelompok;<br />a. Gula Kristal Putih (GKP) I<br />b. GKP II<br />c. GKP III<br />Kualitas gula jenis ini mengikuti peraturan SNI 01-3140-2001<br /><br />3. Gula Rafinasi<br />Gula jenis ini merupakan hasil pabrik gula dengan bahan baku gula mentah (1).<br />mutu gula ini mengikuti juga peraturan dari SNI 01-3140.2-2001<br /><br />mutu gula ini biasanya diindikasikan dalam karung gula yang kita beli, misal GKP I dst.<br />ini merupakan penentuan mutu gula sebagai pengganti mutu gula tinggalan jaman kolonial.<br /><br /><br />Referensi:<br />www.sisni.bsn.go.idUnknownnoreply@blogger.com0